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Antivirus (or
anti-virus) software is used to prevent, detect, and remove
malware, including computer viruses, worms, and trojan horses.
Such programs may also prevent and remove adware, spyware, and
other forms of malware.
A variety of strategies are typically employed. Signature-based
detection involves searching for known malicious patterns in
executable code. However, it is possible for a user to be
infected with new malware in which no signature exists yet. To
counter such so called zero-day threats, heuristics can be used.
One type of heuristic approach, generic signatures, can identify
new viruses or variants of existing viruses for looking for
known malicious code (or slight variations of such code) in
files. Some antivirus software can also predict what a file will
do if opened/run by emulating it in a sandbox and analyzing what
it does to see if it performs any malicious actions. If it does,
this could mean the file is malicious.
However, no matter how useful antivirus software is, it can
sometimes have drawbacks. Antivirus software can degrade
computer performance if it is not designed efficiently.
Inexperienced users may have trouble understanding the prompts
and decisions that antivirus software presents them with. An
incorrect decision may lead to a security breach. If the
antivirus software employs heuristic detection (of any kind),
the success of it is going to depend on whether it achieves the
right balance between false positives and false negatives. False
positives can be as destructive as false negatives. In one case,
a faulty virus signature issued by Symantec mistakenly removed
essential operating system files, leaving thousands of PCs
unable to boot. Finally, antivirus software generally runs at
the highly trusted kernel level of the operating system,
creating a potential avenue of attack.
In addition to the drawbacks mentioned above, the effectiveness
of antivirus software has also been researched and debated. One
study found that the detection success of major antivirus
software dropped over a one-year period.
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